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Numbers 31

54 verses

TL;DR

The Israelites, under Moses’ command, wage war against the Midianites, slaying all males and capturing women and children, then undergo a complex process of purification, tribute, and atonement.

Summary

1. Moses receives divine instruction to avenge Israel against the Midianites, recruiting a thousand men from each tribe. 2. The Israelite army, accompanied by Phinehas and trumpets, defeats the Midianites, killing all males and five kings, and captures women, children, and livestock. 3. Moses orders the destruction of Midianite cities and a brutal purge: all male children are killed and only women who have not committed adultery are spared. 4. The returning soldiers are required to observe a seven‑day purification process for themselves, their captives, and their belongings, as commanded by the priest Eleazar. 5. The spoils of war are divided: half to the Israelite community, half to the warriors, with a portion offered to God and the Levites; the soldiers also contribute personal gold as atonement.

Outline
  1. Moses commands and organizes an army to strike the Midianites
  2. War, slaughter, capture, and city destruction
  3. Purification rites and treatment of captives
  4. Distribution of spoils and tribute to God and the Levites
  5. Atonement offerings from the officers
Themes
Divine command and vengeancePurification and sanctificationTribute and stewardshipJustice and retributionCollective responsibility
Keywords
avengeMidianitespurificationtributeatonementcaptivesspoilswarlevitespriest
People
MosesEleazarPhinehasBalaamEviRekemZurHurReba
Places
MoabJordanJerichoplains of Moab
Things
warcaptiveslivestockspoilstrumpetspurification ritestribute
Key Verses
  • Numbers 31:7: Israelite victory over Midianites
  • Numbers 31:18: Stark instruction on treatment of women and children
  • Numbers 31:30-31: Distribution of spoils and divine tribute
  • Numbers 31:48-53: Officers’ atonement offering
  • Numbers 31:26-28: Divine law on tribute and offering
Questions
  • Why did Moses emphasize purification after the battle?
  • What does the treatment of Midianite women reveal about Israelite ethics?
  • How does the distribution of spoils reflect the social structure of Israel?
  • What is the significance of the officers’ gold offering?
  • How might this account inform modern views on divine justice?
Sentiment

mixed
The passage contains violent actions and harsh judgments, yet it is framed as obedience to divine instruction and includes elements of purification and tribute that suggest a desire for order and holiness.